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The question have been saved in answer later, you can access it from your profile anytime. Access now. Report Question. Can be made better Question lacks the basic details making it difficult to answer.
Spam Question drives traffic to external sites for promotional or commercial purposes. Irrelevant The Question is not relevant to User. Important Topics. Best Schools in Karnataka Best Schools in Maharashtra Best Schools in Uttar Pradesh Best Schools in Delhi Best Schools in Haryana Best Schools in New Delhi Best Schools in Pune Best Schools in Mumbai Best Schools in Chennai Best Schools in Bangalore A more rigorous stress analysis must be performed.
The area must be repaired. Sloped edge settlement is usually no problem d. The area should be documented and checked during the next inspection. Figure B Using figure B the area is acceptable, it should be documented. NOTE: In larger tanks over feet in diameter , use of higher tensile strength steel, plus increased NDE procedures reduces plate "t".
API stops at the face of the first flange. API stops at the first sealing surface. API stops at the first threaded connection. API stops at the first circumferential weld.
NOTE: Most common plates used: 1. ASTM A 3. Customer may require a set of charpy v-notch impact specimens. Special toughness requirements may be specified. NOTE: Also must be at least as thick as primary plate! Shell nozzles and manway materials shall be equal or greater yield and tensile strength and shall be compatible with the shell material.
Be knowledgeable about the eight 8 types listed. Verticals shall be butt joints with complete penetration and fusion that will provide the same quality of deposited metal on both outside and inside weld surfaces. Vertical joints in adjacent shell courses shall not be in alignment. An off-set from each other of "5t" where "t" is the thickest course at the point of offset.
Welded on top side only full fillet only. On other than annular doughnut rings the plate under the shell must have the outer end of the joint fitted and welded to form a smooth bearing for the shell plate.
Parallel edges - either square or v-grove beveled. A 12" minimum space from each other or tank shell also applies. See Par. Two 2 weld passes minimum are required. Welded top side only with continuous full-fillet. Butt welds are also permitted.
Top angle horizontal leg may extend either inside or outside. A 1" minimum width to project beyond outside edge of shell, on lap weld bottoms i. Annular bottom plates must be 24 inches wide. A 2 inch projection beyond the outside of the shell. NOTE: Normally designed to be filled with water i. Required shell "t" including CA for design product and hydro test.
Nominal "t" used, i. Material specification. Allowable stresses. Tables , , , , , , and A great deal of confusion has been relieved with the addition of figure , minimum weld requirements for openings in shells according to section 3. NOTE: Self-supported roofs may require thicker plate. The maximum spacing for inner ring rafters i.
Not necessary if "I" or "H" sections are used as rafters. If pipe, it must be sealed or provisions for draining or venting made. Outer row rafter clips - welded to tank shell. Column-base clip guides - welded to tank bottom to prevent lateral shift. Other structural attachments - welded, bolted or riveted. Vertical plane surfaces - 30 lbs. Projected areas - Cylindrical surfaces - 18 lbs. Conical-double curved surfaces - 15 lbs. NOTE: All based on wind velocity of m.
Pressing or non-injurious method required prior to any layout or shaping. Heating or hammering not permitted, unless heated to a forging temperature. Shielded metal-arc b. Gas metal-arc c.
Flux-cored arc d. Submerged-arc e. Electroslag f. Electrogas May be performed manually, automatically or semi- automatically. Complete fusion with base metal required. Surfaces are wet or moisture falling on surfaces. During high winds unless shielded.
If sound, cleaned and fused, tack welds can remain when the submerged-arc process is used. Vacuum box b. Tracer gas test c. The procedure is now in paragraph 6. Thereafter, one additional spot in each additional feet.
Additionally, one random spot in each bottom ring vertical. Additionally, two spots in all bottom ring verticals one as near to bottom as practical, the other random. Plates thicker than 1" - full radiography of all verticals, plus all junctions. Butt weld around periphery of insert nozzles and manways complete radiography. Thereafter, one spot in each additional feet.
NOTE: Preferable spot - at the outer edge, near shell. NOTE: If adjacent spots are still unacceptable, additional spots are examined until weld is acceptable. No visible crater or surface cracks or arc strikes. Undercut does not exceed limits given in 5. Appendix B - Foundation Construction B. Sites on hillsides. Sites on swampy or filled ground. Sites underlain by layers of plastic clay. Sites adjacent to water courses or deep excavations.
Sites immediately adjacent to heavy structures. Sites exposed to floodwaters. Removal and replacement with suitable, compacted subsoil. Compacting with short piles - preloading with an overburden of suitably drained earth. Removing water content then compacting. Stabilizing by chemical methods or grout injection. Load distribution over a extra large area. Top 3"-4" - Clean sand, gravel, crushed stone maximum size 1" , or other suitable inert material. Equipment and material movement will cause damages.
Correct before bottom plates are installed. Better distribution of concentrated load. Provides a level, solid starting plane for erection. Provides better means to level tank during erection. Retains subsoil fill and finished top surface. Minimizes moisture under tank bottom. B-1 - Foundation with Concrete Ringwall. B-2 - Foundation with Crushed Stone Ringwall.
NOTE: Have familiarity with above types. A 3' shoulder and berm - protected from weathering. Smooth, level surface for bottom plates. Adequate drainage. Surface true to specified plane tolerances specified in 5. On the bottom side, where flexure is anticipated adjacent to girders, support legs, or other relatively rigid members, full-fillet welds not less than 2" long on 10" centers shall be used on any plate laps that occur within 12" of any such member.
Pontoon roofs shall have sufficient buoyancy to remain afloat on a specific gravity product of 0. A 10" of rainfall in a 24 hour period with roof intact, except for double deck floating roofs that have emergency drains. Single-deck i. Each compartment provided with liquid tight manway. Manway covers provided with suitable hold-down fixture. Primary drains may be hose, jointed or siphon type. Check valve required hose and jointed pipe type on pontoon and pan type roofs.
Minimum roof drain size - 3" for a tank in diameter and less; 4" for a tank greater than feet in diameter. Fabricator sizes accordingly. Pipe legs - notched or perforated at bottom. Adjustable length from roof top side.
Designed to support roof and a uniform live load of at least 25 lbs. Sleeves, gussets, etc. Load distribution members required on tank bottom. NOTE: If pads used, continuous weld required. The space rim between outer roof periphery and shell - sealed by flexible device providing a reasonable close fit to shell surfaces. No plain i. Adequate expansion joints i. Must be durable to environment and must not contaminate the product.
NOTE: Aviation fuel restrictions. Weld repair can be seal-weld type. Metallic pan internal - liquid contact with two peripheral rims. Metallic double deck. Metallic on floats - deck above liquid. Metallic sandwich-panel - liquid contact, surface-coated honeycomb panels. Hybrid internal floating roofs. Flexible foam contained in an envelope b. Liquid fill in an envelope c.
Wiper type resilient d. Metallic Shoe e. Other mutually agreeable types fabrication and customer H. Tank shell free of internal projections, burrs, etc.
Envelope seals to be liquid tight. Field joints, minimum 3" lap. Mechanical shoe types - Galvanized steel 16 ga.
NOTE: Appurtenances require a vertical plumbness of 3". Both fixed and adjustable supports are acceptable. Same underside tack-weld required on seams as on conventional floating roofs. See C. Same requirements on notching pipe legs, welding support pads to bottom, etc.
NOTE: Pads may be omitted with purchaser approval. Located on shell or fixed roof above seal in full tank. Maximum spacing - 32". No fewer than 4 total. Sized equal to or greater than 0. Covered with corrosion resistant screen and weathershield. NOTE: Pressure-vacuum vents rather than air openings required on gas blanketed tanks.
Welders shall be qualified in accordance with. API b. AWS D1. A new tank will hold a product with the specific gravity of 1. The corrosion allowance is. The thickness of the first course is 1. What is the thickness required for the annular plate? Note: Include corrosion allowance. The material of construction is AM Specific gravity of.
What is the hydrostatic test shell thickness of the tank in question 5? To what thickness should the tank in question 6 be constructed? If the first course of a new tank is Group I b. Group II c. Group III d. Group IV 9. What is the maximum reinforcement on a vertical butt joint, if the plate is. According to API , which of the following types of connections shall be stress relieved?
All nozzles b. All connections requiring reinforcement Upon completion, the roof of a tank designed to be gas tight shall be tested by which one of the following methods?
Magnetic particle testing of all welds b. Application of internal air pressure not exceeding the weight of the roof plates and applying a solution suitable for the detection of leaks c. Penetrant testing the weld joints d. Visual inspection of the weld joints Nuclear Regulatory Commission d. Upon completion of welding of the new tank bottom, the welds shall be inspected by which one of the following methods?
Radiographs b. Vacuum or air pressure c. Penetrant testing d. The acceptability of welds examined by radiography shall be judged by the standards in. When bottom annular plates are required by paragraph 3. Who is responsible for compliance with the API standards? Manufacturer b. Purchaser c. State Inspector d.
API Inspector A new tank is under construction. How many radiographs are required on the first course vertical welds if the shell is 35 mm thick? One radiograph shall be taken in every vertical joint b. Two radiographs shall be taken in the vertical joint d. No radiographs required Agreed upon by the purchaser and the manufacturer Who is responsible for specifying whether the dimensions of a tank will be given in SI units or US customary units?
Industrial requirements b. Government mandates c. The purchaser d. When performing a vacuum test, the gauge should register a partial vacuum of at least? When reviewing a radiograph of an intersection, 2 inches of weld length must be shown on each side of the vertical intersection.
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Substrate association Regenerated. The rate of product production is determined by the concentration of ES. Activity: Activity refers to a catalyst's ability to speed up chemical reactions. Selectivity: Catalysts' ability to steer reactions to produce certain products excluding other.
They have a cage that looks like a honeycomb. The shape and size of the reactant and product molecules influence the processes catalysed by zeolites. Therefore these reactions are referred to as shape selective catalysis. In the petrochemical industry, zeolites are frequently utilised as catalysts for hydrocarbon cracking and isomerization.
It transforms alcohols straight into gasoline petrol by dehydrating them first, resulting in a mixture of hydrocarbons. In the softening of hard water, hydrated zeolites are utilised as "ion-exchangers. Some Industrial Catalytic Processes. Reactions with Catalyst and Other Conditions. Contact process for the manufacture of sulphuric acid.
Synthesis of methanol. Hydrogenation of vegetable oil. The size of the particles determines the colloidal condition. It's thought to be a halfway point between full solution and suspension.
True solution. Because the size of the particles of solute in real solutions is so minute that they can't be recognised by any optical means and freely diffuse through membranes, they can't be detected by any optical methods. It's a one-of-a-kind system. Particles are large enough to be seen with the naked eye and do not pass-through filter paper. It's a complicated system. True Solutions. Colloidal Solutions. Particle size. Less than 10 —9 m or 1 nm i.
Between 10 —9 to 10 —6 m or 1 nm to nm. More than 10 —6 m or nm i. Pass through both regular filter paper and animal membrane. Animal membrane will not pass-through regular filter paper. Filter paper and animal membrane are not to be used. Don't give up. Decide to stand. Particles are imperceptible to the naked eye. Under an ultra-microscope, light scattering by the particles is observed.
Particles can be seen with the naked eye or via a microscope. Diffusion is quick. Diffusion is very slow. Diffusion does not take place. Dispersed Phase Discontinuous Phase : This is a component that exists in small amounts and behaves similarly to a solute in a solution. For instance, in a colloidal silver solution in water silver acts as a dispersed phase.
Dispersion Medium Continuous Phase : This is the component that is usually present in excess and functions similarly to a solvent in a solution. For instance, in a colloidal silver solution in water.
The dispersion medium is water. Dispersion phase and dispersion medium classification based on physical state. There are eight different types of colloidal systems depending on the physical state of the dispersed phase and the dispersion medium, which might be solids, liquids, or gases.
Different Types of Colloidal Systems. Colloidal System. Aerosol of liquids. Fine pesticide sprays, fogs, clouds, and mists. Foam or froth Soap lather Smoke, volcanic dust, haze. Medicines, emulsified oils, and milk. Most paints, water-soluble starch, proteins, gold sol, arsenic sulphide sol, and ink. Solid foam. Styrene rubber, pumice stone, and foam rubber.
Butter, cheese, boot polish, jelly, and curd. Solid sols. Some gem stones and alloys, as well as ruby glass. Classification based on the nature of the dispersed phase's interaction with the dispersion medium:. Water-loving colloids are known as lyophilic colloids. Distinction Between Lyophilic and Lyophobic Sols. Lyophilic suspensiod. Lyophobic Sols Emulsoid. Surface tension. In comparison to the medium, it is lower. Identical to that of the medium.
Much higher than the medium's. More stable. Less stable. Even under an ultra-microscope, particles are undetectable. Under an ultra-microscope, particles can be seen. Because particles do not carry any charge, they can migrate in either direction or do not migrate at all in an electric field. Because particles carry charge, they migrate towards the cathode or the anode in an electric field. Action of electrolyte.
The addition of a modest amount of electrolyte has no effect. Coagulation takes place. There is a lot of hydration going on. Gum, gelatin, starch, proteins, rubber, and other similar substances. No hydration. Classification based on dispersed phase particle types: The colloids are categorised as follows based on the sort of particles in the dispersed phase.
Colloids made up of several molecules. Multimolecular colloids are generated when atoms or smaller molecules of substances gather together during dissolution to form particles of colloidal size. The dispersed phase in these sols is made up of clumps of atoms or molecules with a molecular size of less than 1 nm. Sols of gold atoms and sulphur molecules, for example. Vander Waal's forces hold the particles together in these colloids.
They are typically lyophilic in nature. Macromolecular Colloids: These are substances with large molecules called macromolecules that dissolve to produce colloidal particles.
Macromolecular colloids are the name given to such things. These distributed macromolecules are often polymers with extremely large molecular masses. Starch, cellulose, proteins, enzymes, gelatin, and other naturally occurring macromolecules are examples. Synthetic polymers such as nylon, polythene, plastics, and polystyrene are examples of artificial macromolecules. Their answers are highly stable and, in many ways, resemble actual solutions.
They usually have a lyophobic personality. The molecules are malleable, allowing them to take on any shape. Associated colloids are chemicals that, when dissolved in a medium, behave as conventional electrolytes at low concentrations but, due to the production of aggregated particles, behave as colloidal particles at larger concentrations.
Micelles are the aggregated particles that result from this process. Both lyophilic and lyophobic groups can be found in their molecules. The creation of aggregates or clusters in solutions causes such compounds to behave colloidally. Micelles are microscopic aggregates of particles. Difference Between Different Types of Colloids. Multimolecular Colloids. Macromolecular Colloids. Associated Colloids. They are created by the aggregation of a high number of atoms or molecules with diameters smaller than 1 nm, such as gold, sulphur, and other metal sols.
They are big molecules, such as polymers like rubber, nylon, starch, proteins, and so on. They are created by the amplification of many ions in a concentrated solution, such as soap solution. Their molecular masses aren't particularly large. They have a large molecular weight. Their molecular masses are usually very large. Weak van der Waals forces hold their atoms or molecules together.
The van der Waals forces that hold them together are considerably stronger due to the long chain. The van der Waals forces increase as concentration increases. Micelles are clumps or aggregated particles generated through colloid association in solution. Soaps and detergents are common examples of micelles. Micelles develop at a certain temperature, known as the Kraft temperature Tk , and at a certain concentration, known as the crucial micellization concentration CMC.
They can produce ions. Micelles can have up to molecules in them. The stearate ions combine to produce colloidal-sized ionic micelles. When an oil droplet comes into contact with a soap solution, the stearate ions organise themselves around it in such a way that the hydrophobic sections of the stearate ions are in the oil or grease and the hydrophilic parts are in the soap solution.
These polar groups can interact with the water molecules present around the oil droplet because the hydrophilic part is polar. As a result, the oil droplet is drawn away from the cloth's surface and into water, where it forms an ionic micelle that is rinsed away with the surplus water. In reality, the stearate ions in soap molecules aid in the formation of a stable oil-water emulsion that is washed away by excess water.
It's worth noting that a negative charge sheath forms around the oil globule. Different methods are used to create lyophilic and lyophobic colloidal solutions or sols. Further, answer and practise the exercise questions from the beginning to have the upper hand in the upcoming exam.
Chapter 8 — Transport and Communication. This chapter includes two integral topics, which caused a revolutionary change in human lives — Transport and communication.
The eighth chapter in the NCERT Geography Class 12 PDF explains in detail the evolution of transport from pull carts to roadways, railways, highways, water transport, and air transport. The evolution of long-distance communication was a revolutionary change for humankind as it made it possible to exchange information from one place to another.
This chapter illustrates the various forms of communication, such as telegraph, telephone, World Wide Web, etc. Read this chapter to acquire in-depth knowledge of the chapter. Chapter 9 — International Trade.
The wave of industrial revolution gave rise to the international trade about which you will read in this chapter. International trade means trade between the two countries for various products. A non-industrial country can import finished goods from an industrial country, which is capable of manufacturing it. It also mentions about WTO World Trade Organisation , and how, it governs the economic globalisation and global trading system.
Read the chapter to learn intricately about international trade. Chapter 10 — Human Settlements. It demonstrates the habitat of humans in a particular region for a more extended period. This chapter discusses various human settlements, which can be short-lived or long-lived and may be restructured or re-designed. With the concepts included, this chapter also helps students differentiate a rural settlement from that of an urban one.
Further, one can learn the various kinds of settlement, their functions, types, etc. Chapter 1 — Migration: Types, Causes and Consequences. This chapter illuminates the concept of migration to students. As provided in the book, migration is a situation wherein a human or a family changes their habitat.
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